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| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} de Marengo [1800] | Battle of Marengo [1800] [French forces under First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte defeated and drove the Austrian forces out of Italy, consolidating Napoleon's political position] | |
| hist. mil. pol. guerre {f} du Rif [1921-1927] | Rif War [1921-1927] [armed conflict between the colonialists of Spain and the Berber tribes of the mountainous Rif region of northern Morocco] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} de Nancy [1477] | Battle of Nancy [in 1477, the final and decisive battle in the Burgundian Wars. The Duke of Burgundy was defeated and killed by Lorraine and Swiss forces (funded by France)] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} de Brouwershaven [1426] | Battle of Brouwershaven [in 1426, was part of the (1345-1490) wars over control of the Low Countries and resulted in victory for the Duke of Burgundy against mainly English forces] | |
| hist. mil. relig. bataille {f} de Civetot [1096] | Battle of Civetot [1096] [Seljuk Turks of Anatolia defeated the forces of the People's Crusade] | |
| géogr. Antilles {f.pl} | Antilles [archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east] | |
| math. phys. relativité {f} générale | general relativity [also: general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity] | |
| hist. pol. traité {m} de Paris [1718] | Treaty of Paris [1718] [between the Regent of the Kingdom of France, Philip of Orléans, and the Duke of Lorraine, transferring ownership of lands in Grand Est and Saarland] | |
| hist. mil. bataille {f} de Malakoff [1855] | Battle of Malakoff [1855] [French victory against the Russian forces resulted in the fall of Sevastopol, and subsequent end to the Crimean War] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Paris [1856] | Treaty of Paris of 1856 [to end the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, the 2nd French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia] | |
| hist. pol. Couronne {f} de fer | Iron Crown [reliquary and one of the oldest royal insignia of Christendom. A relic from the Kingdom of the Lombards, used for the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperors as Kings of Italy] | |
| hist. mil. relig. bataille {f} de Hattin [1187] [aussi : bataille des cornes de Hattin ou bataille de Tibériade] | Battle of Hattin [1187] [also: Battle of the Horns of Hattin] [Muslim armies under Saladin captured or killed the vast majority of the Crusader forces, and re-captured Jerusalem] | |
| arch. géogr. pol. château {m} de Christiansborg | Christiansborg Palace [in Copengagen, seat of the Danish Parliament, the Danish Prime Minister's Office, and the Supreme Court of Denmark] | |
| géogr. hist. comté {m} de Zélande | County of Zeeland [county of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, covering an area in the Scheldt and Meuse delta (roughly today's Dutch province of Zeeland)] | |
| hist. mil. pol. guerre {f} des Deux-Roses | War of the Roses [series of civil wars in England between 1455 and 1487, when the House of Lancaster and the House of York fought for control of the throne of England] | |
| géogr. hist. Valachie {f} | Wallachia [also: Walachia] [historical and geographical region of Romania, situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. royaume {m} de Castille | Kingdom of Castile [large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. In 1479, the crowns of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain.] | |
| hist. mil. journée {f} des Harengs [1429] [bataille des harengs] [bataille de Rouvray] | Battle of the Herrings [Battle of Rouvray] [in 1429, part of the siege of Orléans in the 100 Years' War. English forces decisively defeated French forces attempting to intercept a supply convoy.] | |
| hist. rafle {f} du Vél d'Hiv [1942] [Vélodrome d'Hiver] | Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup [1942] [mass arrest of foreign Jewish families by French police and gendarmes at the behest of the German authorities] | |
| hist. mil. pol. guerre {f} de Quatre-Vingts Ans [1568-1648] [aussi : révolte des Pays-Bas] | Eighty Years' War [1568-1648] [also: Dutch Revolt] [armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between groups of rebels and the Spanish government] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. République {f} batave [1795-1806] | Batavian Republic [1795-1806] [successor to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, becoming the first of the "sister-republics", and later part of the French Empire of Napoleon] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Fontainebleau [1807] | Treaty of Fontainebleau [1807] [secret agreement signed between King Charles IV of Spain and the French Emperor Napoleon, to drive the House of Braganza from and divide the Kingdom of Portugal] | |
| hist. la Reconquista {f} [la Reconquête] | The Reconquista [period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Battle of Covadonga (718 or 722) and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Paris [1856] | Treaty of Paris [1856] [ended the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia] | |
| hist. mil. bataille {f} de Buçaco [1810] | Battle of Buçaco [1810] [also: Battle of Bussaco] [major battle in the Portuguese mountains, which resulted in the defeat of French forces by Lord Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese Army] | |
| myth. Parques {f.pl} | Parcae [also: the Fates] [female personifications of destiny who directed the lives (and deaths) of humans and gods in Roman mythology] | |
| géogr. îles {f.pl} Lucaye | Lucayan Archipelago [also: Bahama Archipelago] [an island group in the western North Atlantic Ocean comprising the Commonwealth of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {m} de Vimeiro [1808] | Battle of Vimeiro [1808] [the British under General Wellesley defeated the French under General Junot, putting an end to the first French invasion of Portugal] | |
| arch. géogr. tour {m} de Londres | Tower of London [also: His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London] | |
| hist. Philippe {m} le Bon [Philippe III de Bourgogne] [1396-1467] | Philip the Good [1396-1467] [Duke of Burgundy 1419 until death. During his reign, the Burgundian State reached the apex of its prosperity and prestige, and became a leading centre of the arts] | |
| géogr. hist. duché {m} de Brabant | Duchy of Brabant [a State of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1183. Most of the duchy's former territories, are in today's Belgium except for the Dutch province of North Brabant] | |
| pol. oblast {m} | oblast [a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Ukraine, as well as the former Soviet Union and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. royaume {m} d'Aragon | Kingdom of Aragon [a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula. In 1479, the crowns of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain.] | |
| géogr. Petites Antilles {f.pl} [aussi : Petites Caraïbes] | Lesser Antilles [a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea, most of which are part of an island arc between the Greater Antilles and the continent of South America] | |
| mus. blouson {m} noir | [young fan of rock-and-roll in the 1960's] | |
| hist. Philippe {m} le Beau [1478-1506] [Philippe de Habsbourg] | Philip the Handsome [1478-1506] [ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1482 to 1506 and the first Habsburg King of Castile (as Philip I)] | |
| pol. Ordre {m} de la Toison d'or | Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece [Catholic order of chivalry founded by the Duke of Burgundy in 1430. Today, 2 branches of the order exist, namely the Spanish and the Austrian Fleece ] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {m} de Marchfeld [1278] | Battle on the Marchfeld [1278] [decisive event for the history of Central Europe for the following centuries when the German king Rudolph I of Habsburg defeated king Ottokar II of Bohemia] | |
| hist. mil. pol. le régiment {m} des Gardes françaises | The French Guards [elite infantry regiment created in 1563 as part of the Military Household of the King of France, specifically to protect the monarch (and, later, Emperor Napoleon)] | |
| hist. mil. bataille {f} de l'Alma [1854] | Battle of the Alma (River) [1854] [battle in the Crimean War where an allied expeditionary (French, British, and Ottoman) forces defeating Russian forces] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. siège {m} de Québec [1759] | Battle of the Plains of Abraham [1759] [also: Battle of Quebec] [deciding moment in the conflict between France and Britain over the fate of New France, influencing the later creation of Canada] | |
| géogr. hist. comté {m} de Hainaut [ou Hainau] | County of Hainaut [or Hainault] [territorial lordship in the medieval Holy Roman Empire, straddling today's border of Belgium and France; main towns Mons (BG) and Valenciennes (FR)] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. royaume {m} de Naples | Kingdom of Naples [comprised the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816.] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Brétigny [1360] [traité de Calais] | Treaty of Brétigny [Treaty signed in 1360 between King Edward III of England and King John II of France, marking the end of the first phase of the 100 Years' War] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. bataille {f} de Krasnoï [1812] [ou bataille de Krasnoje] | Battle of Krasnoi [1812] [also Battle of Krasny] [fought during the final stage of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. The Russians inflicted heavy losses on the remnants of the Grande Armee] | |
| arts relig. L'Adoration {f} de l'Agneau mystique [aussi : Autel de Gand] | The Ghent Altarpiece [also: the Adoration of the Mystic Lamb] [a large 15C polyptych altarpiece in St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, begun in the mid-1420s and completed by 1432.] | |
| hist. mil. pol. campagne {f} de France [1814] | campaign in north-east France [1814] [Napoleon's final campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition, ending in the capitulation of Paris] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. sac {m} de Liège [1468] | sacking of Liège [in 1468, after an uprising, the Duke of Burgundy ordered the town to be razed to the ground and a quarter of the inhabitants were killed.] | |
| géogr. dépendances {f.pl} fédérales de Venezuela [constituées de 72 îles au large des terres vénézuéliennes dans la mer des Caraïbes et du golfe du Venezuela] | Federal Dependencies of Venezuela [most of Venezuela's offshore islands in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Venezuela] | |
| relig. évêque {m} de Winchester | Bishop of Winchester [diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Winchester, one of the oldest and most important in England] | |