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| hist. mil. pol. traités {m.pl} de Tilsit [1807] | Treaties of Tilsit [1807] [2 agreements signed by Napoleon I of France ending the War of the 4th Coalition, with 1. Emperor Alexander I of Russia. 2. the King Of Prussia. Tilsit = Sovetsk] | |
| cuis. quignon {m} | crusty end [of a loaf of bread] | |
| hist. pol. Couronne {f} de fer | Iron Crown [reliquary and one of the oldest royal insignia of Christendom. A relic from the Kingdom of the Lombards, used for the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperors as Kings of Italy] | |
| hist. Charles {m} III le Simple [879-929] | Charles the Simple [879-929] [also: Charles the Straightforward] [ King of West Francia from 898 until 922 and the king of Lotharingia from 911 until 923. A member of the Carolingian dynasty] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} de Hochstett [1704] [aussi : bataille de Blenheim ou deuxième bataille de Höchstädt] | Battle of Blenheim [1704] [major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession when the overwhelming Allied victory ensured the safety of Vienna from the Franco-Bavarian army] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. bataille {f} de Krasnoï [1812] [ou bataille de Krasnoje] | Battle of Krasnoi [1812] [also Battle of Krasny] [fought during the final stage of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. The Russians inflicted heavy losses on the remnants of the Grande Armee] | |
| pol. Ordre {m} de la Toison d'or | Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece [Catholic order of chivalry founded by the Duke of Burgundy in 1430. Today, 2 branches of the order exist, namely the Spanish and the Austrian Fleece ] | |
| hist. Jeanne {f} la Folle [1479-1555] [Jeanne I de Castille] | Joanna the Mad [1479-1555] [Joanna I] [Queen of Castile from 1504 and Queen of Aragon from 1516 to 1555. Modern Spain evolved from the union of these two kingdoms] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Fontainebleau [1807] | Treaty of Fontainebleau [1807] [secret agreement signed between King Charles IV of Spain and the French Emperor Napoleon, to drive the House of Braganza from and divide the Kingdom of Portugal] | |
| hist. pol. traité {m} de Picquigny [1475] | Treaty of Picquigny [1 year after the Treaty of London, England & France signed a peace treaty (7-year truce) in 1475 which left France to deal alone with the threat from Duke of Burgundy] | |
| hist. pol. maison {f} de Valois-Bourgogne [seconde maison de Bourgogne] | House of Valois-Burgundy [cadet branch of the House of Valois, ruling the Duchy of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482] | |
| géogr. hist. comté {m} de Hollande | County of Holland [originally a State of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1433 part of the Burgundian Netherlands] | |
| hist. pol. Louis {m} XVI [1754-1793] | Louis XVI [1754-1793] [the last King of France from 1774 until he was guillotined and the fall of the monarchy in 1793 during the French Revolution] | |
| cuis. pain {m} des Abers | [large farmhouse loaf, speciality of the Abers coastal region in Brittany] | |
| hist. pol. relig. décret {m} de l'Alhambra [1492] | Alhambra Decree [1492] [also: Edict of Expulsion] [ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon] | |
| hist. pol. Charles {m} IV le Bel [1294-1328] [aussi : Charles de la Marche] | Charles IV the Fair [1294-1328] [last king of the direct line of the House of Capet, King of France from 1322 to 1328] | |
| géogr. hist. Kennemerland {m} | Kennemerland [coastal region in the northwestern Netherlands, its name comes from the Kennemer people, who were Frisians that fought with the Counts of Holland and lost in the Middle Ages] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. République {f} batave [1795-1806] | Batavian Republic [1795-1806] [successor to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, becoming the first of the "sister-republics", and later part of the French Empire of Napoleon] | |
| hist. la Reconquista {f} [la Reconquête] | The Reconquista [period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Battle of Covadonga (718 or 722) and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492] | |
| hist. Philippe {m} le Beau [1478-1506] [Philippe de Habsbourg] | Philip the Handsome [1478-1506] [ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1482 to 1506 and the first Habsburg King of Castile (as Philip I)] | |
| cuis. mie {f} [intérieur du pain] | crumb [the inside of bread] | |
| arch. arts relig. iconostase {f} | iconostasis [wall of icons and religious paintings, separating the nave from the sanctuary in a church] | |
| géogr. pol. duché {m} de Bourgogne | Duchy of Burgundy [emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians] | |
| depuis toujours {adv} | always [throughout a long period of the past] | |
| cuis. salers {m} | salers [semi-hard cheese originating from Salers, in the volcanic region of the Auvergne] | |
| hist. pol. Frédéric-Guillaume {m} III [1770-1840] | Frederick William III [1770-1840] [ King of Prussia from 1797 until his death in 1840, ruling during the difficult times of the Napoleonic Wars] | |
| hist. pol. Alexandre {m} I de Russie [1777-1825] [aussi : Alexandre Pavlovitch Romanov] | Alexander I of Russia [1777-1825] [Emperor of Russia (Tsar) from 1801 until death, ruling during the period of the Napoleonic Wars] | |
| cuis. chouchen {m} | chouchen [alcoholic beverage native to Brittany. A form of mead, made from the fermentation of honey in water] | |
| hist. pol. États {m.pl} généraux des Pays-Bas [1464] | Estates General of 1464 [the first parliamentary assembly of representatives of the constituent territories of the Burgundian Netherlands] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. bataille {f} de Smolensk [1812] | Battle of Smolensk [1812] [1st major battle of the French invasion of Russia, where the Grande Armée drove the Russian Army out of the city] | |
| hist. pol. traité {m} de Paris [1718] | Treaty of Paris [1718] [between the Regent of the Kingdom of France, Philip of Orléans, and the Duke of Lorraine, transferring ownership of lands in Grand Est and Saarland] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Paris [1856] | Treaty of Paris of 1856 [to end the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, the 2nd French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia] | |
| francilien {adj} | [of / from the Île-de-France region] | |
| géogr. Petites Antilles {f.pl} [aussi : Petites Caraïbes] | Lesser Antilles [a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea, most of which are part of an island arc between the Greater Antilles and the continent of South America] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. siège {m} de Badajoz [1812] | siege of Badajoz [also: 3rd siege of Badajoz] [one of the bloodiest sieges in the Napoleonic Wars, where Anglo-Portuguese Army forced the surrender of the French garrison] | |
| hist. mil. harki {m} | Harki [generic term for native Muslim Algerians who served as auxiliaries in the French Army during the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. République {f} de Gênes | Republic of Genoa [a historic maritime republic from the 11th century to 1797 on the northwestern Italian coast, incorporating Corsica from 1347 to 1768.] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} de Marignan [1515] | Battle of Marignano [1515] [Francis I, King of France defeated the Old Swiss Confederacy ending the War of the League of Cambrai] | |
| hist. mil. pol. guerre {f} des Deux-Roses | War of the Roses [series of civil wars in England between 1455 and 1487, when the House of Lancaster and the House of York fought for control of the throne of England] | |
| hist. mil. bataille {f} de Patay [1429] | Battle of Patay [in 1429, the culminating engagement of the Loire Campaign of the 100 Years' War, when the French cavalry inflicted a severe defeat on the English.] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. siège {m} de Québec [1759] | Battle of the Plains of Abraham [1759] [also: Battle of Quebec] [deciding moment in the conflict between France and Britain over the fate of New France, influencing the later creation of Canada] | |
| bot. cuis. T | | |
| giron {m} | lap [fold of the body from waist to knees when sitting] | |
| hist. pol. paix {f} d'Amiens [1802] | Treaty of Amiens [1802] [signed by France and UK. Along with Treaty of Lunéville (1801), it ended the War of the 2nd Coalition against France. Peace lasted 1 year] | |
| hist. mil. relig. bataille {f} du Champ du Sang [1119] [aussi : bataille de l'Ager Sanguinis] | Battle of the Field of Blood [1119] [also: Battle of Ager Sanguinis, Battle of Sarmada, or the Battle of Balat] [Crusader army annihilated by the army of the Artuqid ruler of Aleppo] | |
| hist. mil. pol. le régiment {m} des Gardes françaises | The French Guards [elite infantry regiment created in 1563 as part of the Military Household of the King of France, specifically to protect the monarch (and, later, Emperor Napoleon)] | |
| hist. mil. pol. campagne {f} de France [1814] | campaign in north-east France [1814] [Napoleon's final campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition, ending in the capitulation of Paris] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Brétigny [1360] [traité de Calais] | Treaty of Brétigny [Treaty signed in 1360 between King Edward III of England and King John II of France, marking the end of the first phase of the 100 Years' War] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. guerre {f} des Hameçons et des Cabillauds [aussi guerre des Crochets et des Cabillauds] [1345-1490] | Hook and Cod wars [1345-1490] [series of battles in the County of Holland between the Cod faction (the more progressive cities of Holland) and the Hook faction ( the conservative noblemen).] | |
| hist. pol. serment {m} du Jeu de paume [1789] | Tennis Court Oath [a pivotal event in the French Revolution. In 1789, the members of the French Third Estate voted "not to separate until the Constitution of the kingdom is established"] | |