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| pol. Ordre {m} de la Toison d'or | Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece [Catholic order of chivalry founded by the Duke of Burgundy in 1430. Today, 2 branches of the order exist, namely the Spanish and the Austrian Fleece ] | |
| hist. la Reconquista {f} [la Reconquête] | The Reconquista [period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Battle of Covadonga (718 or 722) and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492] | |
| géogr. pol. duché {m} de Bourgogne | Duchy of Burgundy [emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. siège {m} de Québec [1759] | Battle of the Plains of Abraham [1759] [also: Battle of Quebec] [deciding moment in the conflict between France and Britain over the fate of New France, influencing the later creation of Canada] | |
| hist. pol. Couronne {f} de fer | Iron Crown [reliquary and one of the oldest royal insignia of Christendom. A relic from the Kingdom of the Lombards, used for the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperors as Kings of Italy] | |
| hist. mil. pol. guerre {f} des Deux-Roses | War of the Roses [series of civil wars in England between 1455 and 1487, when the House of Lancaster and the House of York fought for control of the throne of England] | |
| hist. mil. bataille {f} de Patay [1429] | Battle of Patay [in 1429, the culminating engagement of the Loire Campaign of the 100 Years' War, when the French cavalry inflicted a severe defeat on the English.] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Paris [1856] | Treaty of Paris of 1856 [to end the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, the 2nd French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. bataille {f} de Smolensk [1812] | Battle of Smolensk [1812] [1st major battle of the French invasion of Russia, where the Grande Armée drove the Russian Army out of the city] | |
| hist. pol. États {m.pl} généraux des Pays-Bas [1464] | Estates General of 1464 [the first parliamentary assembly of representatives of the constituent territories of the Burgundian Netherlands] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} de Hochstett [1704] [aussi : bataille de Blenheim ou deuxième bataille de Höchstädt] | Battle of Blenheim [1704] [major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession when the overwhelming Allied victory ensured the safety of Vienna from the Franco-Bavarian army] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. siège {m} de Badajoz [1812] | siege of Badajoz [also: 3rd siege of Badajoz] [one of the bloodiest sieges in the Napoleonic Wars, where Anglo-Portuguese Army forced the surrender of the French garrison] | |
| hist. mil. relig. bataille {f} du Champ du Sang [1119] [aussi : bataille de l'Ager Sanguinis] | Battle of the Field of Blood [1119] [also: Battle of Ager Sanguinis, Battle of Sarmada, or the Battle of Balat] [Crusader army annihilated by the army of the Artuqid ruler of Aleppo] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. République {f} batave [1795-1806] | Batavian Republic [1795-1806] [successor to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, becoming the first of the "sister-republics", and later part of the French Empire of Napoleon] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Paris [1856] | Treaty of Paris [1856] [ended the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia] | |
| hist. pol. traité {m} de Karlowitz [1699] | Treaty of Karlowitz [1699] [concluded the Great Turkish War of 1683–1697, establishing the Habsburg monarchy as the dominant power of the region] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} de Marignan [1515] | Battle of Marignano [1515] [Francis I, King of France defeated the Old Swiss Confederacy ending the War of the League of Cambrai] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. bataille {f} de Krasnoï [1812] [ou bataille de Krasnoje] | Battle of Krasnoi [1812] [also Battle of Krasny] [fought during the final stage of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. The Russians inflicted heavy losses on the remnants of the Grande Armee] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. royaume {m} de Castille | Kingdom of Castile [large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. In 1479, the crowns of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain.] | |
| arts hist. mil. monument {m} de la Bataille des Nations | Monument to the Battle of the Nations [commemorates the defeat of Napoleon's French army at Leipzig in 1813] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} d'Austerlitz [1805] | Battle of Austerlitz [1805] [also: Battle of the Three Emperors] [Napoleon defeated the larger combined Russian/Austrian Armies, bringing the War of the 3rd Coalition to an end] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. sac {m} de Liège [1468] | sacking of Liège [in 1468, after an uprising, the Duke of Burgundy ordered the town to be razed to the ground and a quarter of the inhabitants were killed.] | |
| hist. pol. Banquet {m} du Vœu du faisan [1454] | Banquet of the Oath of the Pheasant [in 1454, the Duke of Burgundy gave this banquet to promote a Crusade (which never took place) against the Turks who had just taken Constantinople] | |
| hist. mil. pol. le régiment {m} des Gardes françaises | The French Guards [elite infantry regiment created in 1563 as part of the Military Household of the King of France, specifically to protect the monarch (and, later, Emperor Napoleon)] | |
| hist. mil. pol. chute {f} de Constantinople [1453] [Aussi : prise de Constantinople] | Fall of Constantinople [in 1453, the Ottoman Empire captured the capital of the Byzantine Empire, marking its end, and effectively the end of the Roman Empire] | |
| hist. pol. traité {m} de Paris [1718] | Treaty of Paris [1718] [between the Regent of the Kingdom of France, Philip of Orléans, and the Duke of Lorraine, transferring ownership of lands in Grand Est and Saarland] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} de Castillon [1453] | Battle of Castillon [decisive French victory in 1453 against England marked the end of the 100 Years' War. Considered the first major battle won through the extensive use of field artillery] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. royaume {m} de Naples | Kingdom of Naples [comprised the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816.] | |
| hist. mil. naut. bataille {f} du Solent [1545] [aussi : bataille du Portsmouth] | Battle of the Solent [1545] [inconclusive engagement (during the Italian Wars) between the fleets of Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} d'Audenarde [1708] | Battle of Oudenarde [1708] [also: Battle of Oudenaarde] [great victory for the Grand Alliance over France in the War of the Spanish Succession] | |
| géogr. hist. mil. siège {m} de Saint-Jean-d'Acre [1291] | siege of Acre [1291] [also: fall of Acre] [capture of the city marked the end of further crusades to the Levant] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Brétigny [1360] [traité de Calais] | Treaty of Brétigny [Treaty signed in 1360 between King Edward III of England and King John II of France, marking the end of the first phase of the 100 Years' War] | |
| relig. chute {f} originelle | the Fall of Man [also: the fall of Adam, or simply the Fall] | |
| hist. mil. naut. bataille {f} de Lépante [1571] | Battle of Lepanto [1571] [fleet of the Holy League inflicted heavy defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Paris [1796] | Treaty of Paris [1796] [between French Republic and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia during the War of the First Coalition] | |
| géogr. Antilles {f.pl} | Antilles [archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traités {m.pl} de Tilsit [1807] | Treaties of Tilsit [1807] [2 agreements signed by Napoleon I of France ending the War of the 4th Coalition, with 1. Emperor Alexander I of Russia. 2. the King Of Prussia. Tilsit = Sovetsk] | |
| hist. mil. pol. traité {m} de Fontainebleau [1807] | Treaty of Fontainebleau [1807] [secret agreement signed between King Charles IV of Spain and the French Emperor Napoleon, to drive the House of Braganza from and divide the Kingdom of Portugal] | |
| géogr. hist. comté {m} de Zélande | County of Zeeland [county of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, covering an area in the Scheldt and Meuse delta (roughly today's Dutch province of Zeeland)] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {f} de Brouwershaven [1426] | Battle of Brouwershaven [in 1426, was part of the (1345-1490) wars over control of the Low Countries and resulted in victory for the Duke of Burgundy against mainly English forces] | |
| hist. pol. Guillaume {m} le Taciturne [1533-1584] [aussi : Guillaume I d'Orange-Nassau] | William the Silent [1533-1584] [also: William the Taciturn or William of Orange] [leader of the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648)] | |
| géogr. hist. duché {m} de Brabant | Duchy of Brabant [a State of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1183. Most of the duchy's former territories, are in today's Belgium except for the Dutch province of North Brabant] | |
| hist. pol. serment {m} du Jeu de paume [1789] | Tennis Court Oath [a pivotal event in the French Revolution. In 1789, the members of the French Third Estate voted "not to separate until the Constitution of the kingdom is established"] | |
| hist. mil. pol. bataille {m} de Marchfeld [1278] | Battle on the Marchfeld [1278] [decisive event for the history of Central Europe for the following centuries when the German king Rudolph I of Habsburg defeated king Ottokar II of Bohemia] | |
| hist. pol. traité {f} de Troyes [1420] | Treaty of Troyes [in 1420, after victory at Agincourt, Henry V of England signed the Treaty with the wife of the demential Charles VI of France, confirming Henry as King of England AND France] | |
| géogr. hist. pol. royaume {m} de Portugal | Kingdom of Portugal [monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula (1139 - 1910) and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic.] | |
| hist. mil. bataille {f} de Balaklava [1854] | Battle of Balaclava [1854] [part of the Crimean War, with the Allies successfully but not decisively defeating the Russians] | |
| relig. évêque {m} de Winchester | Bishop of Winchester [diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Winchester, one of the oldest and most important in England] | |
| hist. Philippe {m} le Bon [Philippe III de Bourgogne] [1396-1467] | Philip the Good [1396-1467] [Duke of Burgundy 1419 until death. During his reign, the Burgundian State reached the apex of its prosperity and prestige, and became a leading centre of the arts] | |
| hist. pol. maison {f} de Croÿ | House of Croÿ [a family of European mediatised nobility, elevated to the rank of Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1594] | |